As we previously discussed, courts have struggled with determining the scope of the protections in Dodd-Frank’s anti-retaliation provisions.  On the one hand, Dodd-Frank defines a “whistleblower” as any individual, or group of individuals, “who provide . . . information relating to a violation of the securities laws to the [SEC], in a manner established by . . . the [SEC].”  But, a few subdivisions later, Dodd-Frank prohibits retaliation against a whistleblower “because of any lawful act done by the whistleblower . . . in making disclosures that are required or protected under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 . . . , [the Securities Exchange Act of 1934], section 1513 (e) of title 18, and any other law, rule, or regulation subject to the jurisdiction of the Commission.”  Recently, in connection with Liu v. Siemens A.G., which is pending before the Second Circuit, the SEC filed an amicus brief, arguing that Dodd-Frank’s whistleblower provision “protects any employee who engages in any of the whistleblowing activities specified in [15 U.S.C. § 78u-6(h)(1)(A)], irrespective of whether the employee separately reports the information to the [SEC].”  If the SEC so persuades the Second Circuit, we could see a split with the Fifth Circuit’s recent first impression ruling that Dodd-Frank’s anti-retaliation provision only protects whistleblowers who report to the SEC.

Background

In Siemens (previously discussed here) the plaintiff alleged that his former employer retaliated against him in violation of Dodd-Frank’s anti-retaliation provision after he raised concerns about an alleged kickback scheme that purportedly violated the FCPA.  The U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York dismissed the complaint principally on the basis that Dodd-Frank’s anti-retaliation provisions did not apply extraterritorially.  And, in dicta, it briefly considered whether the plaintiff qualified as a “whistleblower” under Dodd-Frank since he did not report potential FCPA violations to the SEC until after his employment was terminated.  The district court declined to decide the issue of whether the plaintiff qualified as a Dodd-Frank whistleblower.  An appeal followed. 

SEC Amicus Brief

The SEC filed an amicus brief in support of Liu’s appeal to the Second Circuit, arguing that courts should defer to SEC’s interpretation in Rule 21F-2(b)(1) that Dodd-Frank’s anti-retaliation provisions protect all individuals who disclose activity specified in Dodd-Frank regardless of whether they report directly to the SEC.  In support, the SEC attempted to position Rule 21F-2 as a “carefully calibrated” response to concerns that Dodd-Frank’s bounty program undermined internal corporate compliance programs by incentivizing external reporting to the SEC.

At the outset, query whether the Second Circuit will reach this issue since the thrust of the Southern District of New York’s dismissal focused on whether Dodd-Frank’s anti-retaliation provisions extend to overseas whistleblowers.  Moreover, by interpreting Dodd-Frank in a manner that protects individuals who never report to the SEC, Rule 21F-2’s “calibration” is at odds with the language in Dodd-Frank defining a “whistleblower” as an individual who provides specified information “to the [Securities and Exchange] Commission.”

The SEC’s amicus brief also asserts that the Fifth Circuit erred in concluding that Rule 21F-2 “renders the SOX anti-retaliation provision, for practical purposes, moot” because Dodd-Frank enables recovery of potentially greater monetary damages (e.g., double backpay), provides a substantially longer statute of limitations, and enables plaintiffs to bypass sue directly in federal court without exhausting administrative remedies.  In rejoinder, the SEC contends that many whistleblowers might still prefer to pursue a claim under Section 806 of SOX over Section 922 of Dodd-Frank because of the lower cost and burden associated with SOX’s administrative procedures and the possibility of recovering for “pain and suffering” under SOX.  Of course, employers are apt to conclude that the SEC’s interpretation effectively nullifies Section 806 of SOX, as it would enable a suit under Dodd-Frank for a violation of Section 806 of SOX, where one could head straight to federal court without exhausting administrative remedies and enjoy an unusually long statute of limitations and potentially recover double-backpay.  What is more, though the SEC has indicated that it can exercise discretion to take internal reports into account in determining the size of a bounty award, the public (and employers in particular) still remains unaware of whether and how the SEC has actually considered internal reports in any of the awards it has issued thus far.

 The Road Ahead

To date, the Fifth Circuit is the only federal circuit court to weigh in on whether the Dodd-Frank whistleblower protection provision applies where individuals only report internally.  If the Second Circuit focuses on this issue in connection with its review of Siemens, its decision can have significant implications in terms of how broadly courts will interpret the scope of protected activity under Dodd-Frank and we could potentially see a circuit split that may reach the U.S. Supreme Court.  Stay tuned …

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Photo of Steven J. Pearlman Steven J. Pearlman

Steven J. Pearlman is a partner in the Labor & Employment Law Department, where he is Head of the Restrictive Covenants, Trade Secrets & Unfair Competition Group and Co-Head of the Whistleblowing & Retaliation Group.

Employment, Whistleblower, Restrictive Covenant and Trade Secret Practice.

Steven J. Pearlman is a partner in the Labor & Employment Law Department, where he is Head of the Restrictive Covenants, Trade Secrets & Unfair Competition Group and Co-Head of the Whistleblowing & Retaliation Group.

Employment, Whistleblower, Restrictive Covenant and Trade Secret Practice. Steven’s national practice focuses on defending companies in federal and state courts and arbitration against claims of: discrimination, retaliation and harassment, including claims brought by high-level executives; whistleblower retaliation; restrictive covenant violations; theft of trade secrets; and wage-and-hour violations (including class, collective and PAGA actions).

Illustrating his versatility, Steven has successfully handled bench and jury trials in multiple jurisdictions (e.g., Illinois, California, Florida and Texas); defended one of the largest Illinois-only class actions in the history of the federal courts in Chicago; and prevailed following his oral arguments before the Seventh Circuit and state appellate courts. Steven brings his litigation experience to bear in counseling clients to minimize risk and avoid or prepare for success in litigation.

Investigations. Reporting to boards of directors, their audit committees, CEOs and in-house counsel, Steven conducts sensitive investigations and has testified in federal court. His investigations have involved complaints of sexual harassment involving C-suite officers; systemic violations of employment laws and company policies; and fraud, compliance failures and unethical conduct.

Thought Leadership and Accolades. Steven was named Lawyer of the Year for Chicago Labor & Employment Litigation in the 2023 edition of The Best Lawyers in America. He was also named as One of the Top 10 Impactful Labor & Employment Lawyers in Illinois for 2023 by Business Today. He is a Fellow of the College of Labor and Employment Lawyers. Chambers describes Steven as an “outstanding lawyer” who is “very sharp and very responsive,” a “strong advocate,” and an “expert in his field.” Chambers also reports that “He is someone who can navigate the twists and turns of litigation without difficulty. Steven is great with brief-writing, crafting arguments, and making sure the client is always happy.”

Steven was 1 of 12 individuals selected by Compliance Week as a “Top Mind.” Earlier in his career, he was 1 of 5 U.S. lawyers selected by Law360 as a “Rising Star Under 40” in the area of employment law and 1 of “40 Illinois Attorneys Under Forty to Watch” selected by Law Bulletin Publishing Company. Steven is a Burton Award Winner (U.S. Library of Congress) for “Distinguished Legal Writing.”

Steven was appointed to Law360’s Employment Editorial Advisory Board and selected as a Contributor to Forbes.com. He has appeared on Bloomberg News (television and radio) and Yahoo! Finance, and is often quoted in leading publications such as The Wall Street Journal.

The U.S. Chamber of Commerce has engaged Steven to serve as lead counsel on amicus briefs to the U.S. Supreme Court and federal circuit courts of appeal. He was appointed to serve as a Special Assistant Attorney General for the State of Illinois in employment litigation matters. He has presented with the Solicitor of the DOL, the Acting Chair of the EEOC, an EEOC Commissioner, Legal Counsel to the EEOC, and heads of the SEC, CFTC and OSHA whistleblower programs. He is also a member of the Sedona Conference, focusing on trade secret matters.

In 2024, Steven received the Excellence in Pro Bono Service Award from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois and the Chicago Chapter of the Federal Bar Association.